| Huffords
and slavery in the U.S.A. First, few HUFFORD descendants held people as slaves. Second, some HUFFORD descendants did hold people as slaves. Third, at least two HUFFORD descendants were born into slavery. That set of realities will shock many Hufford descendants who are generations deep in the Brethren Church. The German Baptist Brethren, also known as the Dunkers, also known as the Church of the Brethren, began in Germany in 1708. Like the Mennonites and the Quakers, the Brethren are Anabaptists and pacifists. And, like the Mennonites and the Quakers, the Brethren strongly opposed slavery. "Throughout their history, the church strongly opposed slavery and barred members from holding slaves. Particularly in Maryland, some African Americans joined the church. In 1835, delegates at the annual meeting debated and affirmed that membership should be the same for people regardless of color." What is below is from the Church of the Brethren web site. Exact page is HERE. This was the Brethren response to slavery:
Quotes within the above are from the Rev. Freeman Ankrum's 1962 book Sidelights of Brethren History, published by the Brethren Press, Elgin, IL. Hans Jorich HOFFART and his wife (Anna Margaretha MOST) joined the Brethren Church in Europe. (Information is from Martin Grove Brumbaugh's 1899 book A History of the German Baptist Brethren, published by Brethren Publishing House, Mount Morris, IL; reprinted 1961.) On 15-Sep-1729, Hans Jorich Hoffart arrived in Philadelphia with his wife, their son Christian (b. 1716), and their daughter Anna Margaretha (b. abt 1720). A few months later, Hans Jorich's daughter Anna Christina (b. 1706) arrived in Philadelphia; she and her husband (Johann Casper CREAGER) had delayed departure because Anna Christina was pregnant with her first child, who was born 5-Sep-1729. (Hans Jorich and his family traveled to Philadelphia with Alexander Mack, the first minister for the Brethren.) Before explaining who were the two known HUFFORD descendants born into slavery, there will need to be a foundation laid:
A few years before or after Enoch Link's marriage to Susan, an enslaved woman gave birth to Enoch's daughter. The child was born in about 1842 and named "Sallie" or "Sally." Almost certainly, she was born in Scott Co., Kentucky, on land owned by Enoch or his family. With America's system of slavery, Sally was born as a slave. It is reasonable to guess that by 1842, this group of HUFFORD descendants no longer had any connection to the Brethren Church. By 1870, Sally was a free woman, thanks
to the Civil War, and she was living in her father's
household, carrying his name. Below is a snippit from the
1870 census for Newtown Precinct # 8, Scott Co., Kentucky
(Georgetown post office); June 23, 1870; page # 52,
beginning at line 30, with Enoch LINK listed as head of
household: After the census taker's correction of
last name, line 30 has the following information: The straight line under "Link" at the front of the next six names was census notation to mean that the person's last name was the same as the name above. Thus, the information on line 31 is
this: Lines 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 are
the keys to the puzzle. The names are as follow: The final three lines in that household
are the following: Here were the census taker's options
for color: Look back at the 1870 census image for Sallie, Jeff, Charles, Boon, and Lizzie. The census taker initially marked "M" in each case. Then, there is a heavy mark-over of "W." In other words, Sallie, Jeff, Charles, Boon, and Lizzie initially were reported as "mulatto," but then changed to "white." And all five, of course, are carrying the family name of the white, male head of household. (Later records show that the four children were Sally's children by Benjamin BISHOP, a white man born in about 1820 in Kentucky.) Additionally, consider that there were three in the household who were not given the name LINK -- the domestic servant and the two young farmhands. In other words, it was not a case of the census taker simply assigning all in the household the same last name as the head-of-household. And, consider Sallie's description: "Keeping house." She was not listed as a "domestic servant," as was one woman in the household; rather, Sallie was listed as "Keeping house." That phrase alone indicates that she was a part of the family, and not a "domestic servant." Both Sally and her oldest son, Jeff, had been born into slavery. Jeff, actually Jefferson C. BISHOP, was born January 23, 1864, in Scott Co., Kentucky. Although President Lincoln had issued two Emancipation Proclamations (Sept. 1862 and Jan. 1863), neither dealt with slaves in the border states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, or Delaware. Sally and her son Jefferson (Enoch's grandson) were born into slavery and remained so until April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox. Thus, two HUFFORD descendants were born into slavery: Sally and her son Jefferson. Sally is found in her father's list of
slaves on the 1860
Slave Schedule, District 2, Scott Co., KY: female, 40, black Sally was the 17- or 19-year-old mulatto female on that list. Below is a list of Sally's father's
slaves on the 1850
slave schedule for District 1, Scott Co., Kentucky, with Sally showing as seven years old:
Who was Sally's mother?
All that is known is that she was a woman held as a slave
sometime around 1840. According to the 1840 slave schedule for
Bourbon Co., Kentucky,
Enoch Link held six people as slaves in 1840, when Enoch
would have been about 35: Enoch lived in a family situation where other family members also held slaves. It's possible that Sally's mother was enslaved by one of Enoch's relatives. Another possibility is that Sally's mother was the 40-year-old woman with whom Sally was listed on the 1860 slave schedule. The 1860 listing could be a family grouping, with all the children of one 40-year-old woman. All four of Sally's children were fathered by Benjamin BISHOP. According to oral history, Sally and Benjamin had attempted to live openly as husband and wife after the Civil War, but they were not allowed to do so because Benjamin was "white" and Sally was "mulatto." By 1870, Benjamin had disappeared from the records and
is presumed dead. In 1872, Sally's father died. Sally was listed on the 1880 census as Sally WILLIAMS. She was by then living with
Peter Williams, although both were noted as
"single" on the census. Below are snippits from
that census: Sallie's son Charles is listed in the household just above Sallie; listed as Charles BISHOP, age 14 and "B" for "black." The household Charles was living in was headed by 62-year-old Rebecca AKER, the mother of George Ashurst's wife. Sallie's son Jefferson was living a
little farther from her, but still in Bourbon County: Reportedly, Sallie died of tuberculosis in 1883. Sallie's pedigree and deceased descendants can be found HERE, with a search for "Sally Link." (In early 2018, problems with the rootsweb service are such that one must used the "Advanced Search" feature.) In 1900, Sallie's children (HUFFORD descendants, every one) were here:
By 1900, the same four children who were "white" in 1870 were "black." Regardless of how they were labeled on any form, all were descendants of Hans Jorich HOFFART and Anna Margaretha MOST, two Germans who came to America in 1729. Possibility that Enoch Link fathered a 2nd child with an enslaved woman: There is another record regarding Enoch Link that indicates the possibility that Enoch Link fathered a second child with an enslaved woman. The record is from "Kentucky Birth Records, 1852-1910," and it shows that there was a child named Frank, born alive in December 1853 in Scott County, Kentucky. The child was listed as having an "owner" rather than a "father." Owner was listed as Enoch Link. No mother was named; child was listed as "mulatto." The "resident of parent" was listed as Scott County. There's no doubt that the Enoch Link in that record is the same Enoch Link discussed above. Enoch was living in Scott County in both 1850 and 1860. The 1860 Slave Schedule for Scott County (shown above) shows Enoch holding one 40-year-old woman. What happened to Frank is not known. The record is shown, in reduced size, and with all extra names remove from the page. The only other name left is the name of Enoch Smith Hufford, born nine months before Frank. IF Frank was the son of Enoch Link, the two babies were 1st cousins, once-removed. Enoch S. Hufford's information is on the top line; he was born in March 1853. Frank, whose owner was Enoch Link, in on the bottom line; he was born in December 1853. First image shows the listings across
the two pages, with the black line in the middle being
the fold of the pages at the book binding. Click on
the image to see a larger size: Second image is the left-hand page. It
has these columns: Date of Birth; Name;
Sex; Condition; Place of Birth;
and Name of Father or Owner of Child. For Enoch
(child on the top line), under the father/owner column it
says, "John H. Hufford, Fath." For Frank (child
on the bottom line), under father/owner it says,
"Enoch Link (")." The ditto marks in
parentheses are to ditto the the line above (omitted
here) which had the word "Owner." Click on
the image to see a larger size: Third image is the right-hand page. It
has these columns: Maiden name of Mother; Color of Child
(White, Mulatto, Black); Residence of Parent. The maiden
name is given for the mother of the child Enoch: Sarah E.
Simmons. For the child Frank, no mother's name is given,
and the child is listed as "Mulatto." Click
on the image to see a larger size: Below is information about other HUFFORDs who held slaves. However, in fairness to the HUFFORD family, it should be noted that many HUFFORD descendants were in the Union Army during the Civil War, fighting against slavery, and some of them died from their service. HERE is information about those HUFFORD descendants known to have served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Other HUFFORDs who held slaves: Barbara HUFFORD Barbara was the 76-year-old widow of Daniel Hoffart, son of Christian. Barbara also was Enoch Link's wife's widowed step-grandmother. Barbara is listed just below Enoch on the 1850 Slave Schedule. From the 1850 Slave Schedule for District 1, Scott Co., Kentucky:
Elizabeth HUFFORD Elizabeth was the widow of Joseph Hufford, Jr., who was the son of Joseph Hufford b. 1785, who was the son of Daniel Hoffart. Joseph Hufford Jr.'s mother was Mary Link, the sister of Enoch Link. From the 1850 Slave Schedule for District 1, Woodford Co., Kentucky:
From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Clay Twp., Lafayette Co., Missouri:
John HUFFORD John was the son of Daniel Hoffart. He was a blacksmith. From the 1850 Slave Schedule for District 2, Harrison Co., KY:
James H. HUFFORD James was the son of John and the grandson of Daniel Hoffart From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Peno, Pike Co., Missouri:
Under the column for "number manumitted," it reports "2." H. HUFFORD John Harvey Hufford was the son of Jacob H. Hufford and the grandson of Daniel Hoffart. John Harvey's mother was Mary LINK, the sister of Enoch Link. (Mary Link first married Joseph Hufford Sr.; after he died, she married his brother Jacob.) From the 1850 Slave Schedule for District 1, Scott Co., KY:
David Jacob LINK David was the son of Israel E. LINK and Elizabeth C. HUFFORD. David's father descended from Anna Christina HOFFART (b. 1706); David's mother descended from Christian HOFFART (b. 1716) (through Christian's son Daniel). David served in the Confederate Army during the U.S. Civil War. From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Carroll Township, Platte Co., Missouri:
Eli LINK Eli was the son of Elizabeth CREAGER, who was the granddaughter of Anna Christina HOFFART (b. 1706), who was the daughter of Hans Jorich HOFFART. From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Versailles, Woodford Co., Kentucky:
Israel E. LINK Israel was the son of Elizabeth CREAGER, who was the granddaughter of Anna Christina HOFFART (b. 1706), who was the daughter of Hans Jorich HOFFART. From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Versailles, Woodford Co., Kentucky:
Catherine PAYNE Catherine was the daughter of John STONE and Deborah HUFFORD, who was the daughter of Daniel, who was the son of Christian b. 1716 in Schwaigern. From the 1860 Slave Schedule for Versailles, Woodford Co., Kentucky:
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| Alice is a member of
the D.C. Bar. She does genealogical research for the same reason some women do needlepoint -- purely for pleasure. |
